THE LINGUISTIC ADAPTION IN AN IMMIGRANT LANGUAGE SETTING IN MAKASSAR, INDONESIA

Received: 2020-12-20 Accepted: 2021-03-19 Published: 2021-03-22 Volume: 5 Issue: 1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33019/lire.v 3i2.100 Historically, immigrants have been living and interacting with local people and others in Makassar from 2014 until today. These interactions result from unique way communication, how these immigrants choose a certain language to communicate with each other. This article mainly aimed to describe how was the language used among immigrant in Makassar and how was the language choice occurred in the interaction of immigrant with local people. The data were collected through observation on the recorded and transcribed conversation and interviews some of the participants to confirm how and why they used certain language during the conversation by using the sociolinguistics approach. These interactions which use some language variation or dialects can be called a linguistics adaptation as the effect of language contact situation. In their early presence that immigrants used English (Eng) and Indonesia language (IL) formally to communicate with IOM staff, UNHCR staff, among immigrants, teachers and social workers, but when they have access to live longer in Makassar, they interact with Makassar people freely and they use various languages such as Makassar language (ML), Indonesian language by Makassar Malay language (MML) dialect known as trade Malay language, or sometimes used English as their language code choice. MML was mostly used compared to another language by those immigrants in some public area in Makassar. The using of MML by immigrants was a linguistic adaptation to the target language. KEYWORDS

Historically, immigrants have been living and interacting with local people and others in Makassar from 2014 until today. These interactions result from unique way communication, how these immigrants choose a certain language to communicate with each other. This article mainly aimed to describe how was the language used among immigrant in Makassar and how was the language choice occurred in the interaction of immigrant with local people. The data were collected through observation on the recorded and transcribed conversation and interviews some of the participants to confirm how and why they used certain language during the conversation by using the sociolinguistics approach. These interactions which use some language variation or dialects can be called a linguistics adaptation as the effect of language contact situation. In their early presence that immigrants used English (Eng) and Indonesia language (IL) formally to communicate with IOM staff, UNHCR staff, among immigrants, teachers and social workers, but when they have access to live longer in Makassar, they interact with Makassar people freely and they use various languages such as Makassar language (ML), Indonesian language by Makassar Malay language (MML) dialect known as trade Malay language, or sometimes used English as their language code choice. MML was mostly used compared to another language by those immigrants in some public area in Makassar. The using of MML by immigrants was a linguistic adaptation to the target language.

INTRODUCTION
The existence of immigrants in Makassar since 2014 has had an impact on socio-cultural aspects including the use of language, both in the language of the immigrants' community itself and the language generally used by people in the city of Makassar. Like the language maintenance, linguistics adaption until to the language choice situation. The complexity and contact between the regional languages in the city of Makassar, the Makassar Malay language (MML) 1

become the Locus 1 Conversation between Immigrant and Makassar People
In this situation, Ali as an immigrant can speak Makassar Malay Language and Makassar Language even though he switches from English to Indonesian language (MML/Makassar Malay dialect) and Makassar language. This situation shows the linguistic adaption and the using of varieties of language occurs in the conversation between immigrants and Makassar people. The other conversation situations can be found also in the market, coffee shop, canteen, Alfamart, Indomaret, public transportation, on the street or in the sports station. The linguistic adaptation and the variation of language use of immigrants are caused by language contact. According to Thomason (2000), language contact is the using of more than one language in the same situation and time. The use of language variation in Indonesia can be easily found in urban society (Goebel, 2019). Goebel said that language contact phenomenon in Indonesia caused by the bilingual situation and diversity of the ethnic group of the speaker who stays in the city.
Almost every immigrant force their selves to acquire the Makassar Malay dialect as their main language during the interaction out of their community in Makassar. Out of home detention for immigrant, community house and shelter, all of the immigrant should speak English or Indonesian Language, but the problem is most of their interlocutor cannot speak English well, hence the alternative language is the Indonesian language. Makassar people and others who live in Makassar city used their dialect by applying Makassar Malay Language (MML) as their main dialect to interact with each other (Tamrin, 2013;Cohn & Ravindranath, 2014;Rusdiah, 2016). Thomason (2007;4) highlighted that language contact is involved face to face interaction or more than two different background culture of speakers in a certain situation, and the speaker also uses more than one language to communicate in that interaction. This phenomenon can be easily found in Makassar, South Sulawesi Province especially the communication between immigrants and Makassar people in the public area, or in a classroom situation and the shop (online shop or offline shop).

LITERATURE REVIEW
The study of human and language use is a part of sociolinguistics studies and so the case of the phenomena of linguistics adaption, language contact, and language choice do to immigrants in Makassar. The language use among immigrants in the communication with local people in Makassar is related to the variation of language that rises since the language contact situation, it is the function of language as a tool of communication, the positioning of certain language as lingua franca and the domination that language than another language in the episode of communication.

METHODOLOGY
This research was a sociolinguistic study using qualitative data, they were language choice approach proposed by Fasold, (1984)  kinds of sociolinguistics method they were the method which correlated to the language object as the external aspect or non-linguistic aspect and the method which correlated to data dissection, data processing or the verbal text construction as internally. The data analysis was done descriptively and data collected is analyzed and represented. The Indonesian language use that can be found in their daily activities like in the market, on the street or public area. The Indonesian language becomes the second language choice or code choice and switching when Immigrants interacts with Makassar people. It is a very unique way of using the Indonesian language because they speak specific dialect namely Makassar Malay language (MML).

From the data collection of contact situation between immigrants and
Like in the conversation between the immigrants from Afghanistan who sell ice around of university sports centre (Hasanuddin University Sports Centre) and he speaks to Makassar as the buyer or online driver call as Gojek driver; Gojek Driver : IniMI pesananNA, es teller dua porsi TO'(this is the order, two cups of mixed ice) Sheer : Ok! Bayar dulu! (please pay first!) Gojek Driver : SudahMI (I have paid) Sheer : Tunggu ya, sebentarPI' (wait, a minute)

Corpus 3: the conversation between Immigrants and Gojek Driver
The conversation above is in the Ice seller, where the seller is Sheer as Immigrants

Discussions
The language used by the immigrants in Makassar becomes a specific phenomenon in language and humanities especially in the study of sociolinguistics. The languages are used during the conversation between immigrants and the society of Makassar is as the effect of language contact and culture. The language contact from English by their specific immigrants' mother tongue dialect with the Indonesian language by Makassar Malay dialect creates specific dialect on their language use and linguistic adaptation. Based on the data above can be analyzed that The theory of language choice of Fasold in this study shows the significances especially the aspect of language use in a whole language situation, where MML become as the m ain language choice from the interaction fo Immigrants in Makassar. and the theory of linguistics anthropology of Duranti shows also the significances based on the cultural concept of the using of MML. As we know that MML was born from the cultural acculturation in South Sulawesi. This research should be improved how come immigrants language and Makassar language did contact each other and it should be looking at deeply how do the immigrants speak their mother tongue in Makassar, they speak Makassar, Bugis and also speak Arabic.