SPEECH ACT STRATEGY UTTERED BY EMMA WATSON AND MALALA YOUSAFZAI AS THE INSTRUMENT OF EMPOWERMENT

Corresponding Author: Ika Setyowati S E-mail: ika.setyowati.sutedjo-2019@fib.unair.ac.id ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Received: 2021-01-13 Accepted: 2021-03-20 Published: 2021-03-22 Volume: 5 Issue: 1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33019/lire.v 3i2.103 Women’s voice has been heard by the society for the past few years. There are a lot of movements created by women to support each other, for example Women’s March, Time’s Up, #MeToo and HeForShe. This movement will lead to more recognition of women in various expertise. Consequently, those amazing women are able to meet in one situation. Certain situation leads women to do a conversation. The conversation between women also includes different kinds of speech act. This study aims to find the speech act uttered by Emma Watson and Malala Yousafzai as the instrument of empowerment. The result of the study shows that Emma Watson and Malala Yousafzai are mostly use directive speech act in their speeches. The purpose of directive speech act is to make people to do something. Emma and Malala use directive speech act to empower people to accomplish something. The use of directive speech act also related to the third wave feminism movement. This movement establishes women to be bo ld, empowered, and brave. So, third wave of feminism also influences Emma and Malala as bold and empowered women. They empower other people to do something through their speech act because they are empowered women.

or deliver the issue to the right people and the right context in order to achieve the goal (Herbert, 2019).
The writer wants to examine more about the kinds of speech acts uttered by Emma Watson and Malala Yousafzai met at the premier of Malala new documentary movie called "He Named Me Malala" in 2015 (White, 2015), (Claire, 2016). So, this study is also going to analyze the empowerment instrument included in the speech act uttered by both speakers.

LITERATURE REVIEW
This research is using pragmatics approach, especially speech act by Searle (1976) to interpret meaning and analyze the data. There are several types of speech acts, one of them is illocutionary act. So, this research is focused on the types of illocutionary act.

Speech Act
Speech act in an important entity in pragmatics (Angelina, 2017). It is because speect act conveys a meaning or a message from the speakers to the hearer (Savira, 2019). Speech act also explains one actions toward another in making a communication through language. The expression of specific utterance can be identified as doing an action (enjoining, affecting) when uttering something (Angelina, 2017). Speech act theory is about uttering something to act something .
Speech act has different functions and purposes. Declaratives ask the audience to relate the truth-claim with their belief structure. Command or directive act requires the audience to do something. Command needs certain authority, context and toward certain person. Command is agent-relative. It requires specific authority condition in order to be successful. On the other hand, speech act is agent-neutral. Anyone may use it regardless the person has power or authority in the context or not (McDonald, 2020).
Searle classified speech act into three categories (Searle, 1969). The first is locutionary act.
The second is illocutionary act. the third is perlocutionary act. Locutionary act is the act of expressing something. This speech act is doing a grammatical utterance (Searle, 1969). The meaning of lucotionary act is similar with words in dictionary (Angelina, 2017). Illocutionary act is one of the speech act that give or inform something to the listeners (Searle, 1976). The actions of illoctionary act are reports, orders, request, alerts, questions, reports, and so on (Savira, 2019).

Declaratives
Declaratives is one of illocutionary act that aim to generate new circumstances or new status.
The sentences of this type of illocutionary act are blessing, na ming, firing, lifting, baptizing, pointing, punishing, canceling, deciding, forgiving etc. One of the example of decalative is the declaration of husband and wife in a marriage ceremony. So, the situation is changed from a couple into a husband and a wife.

Expressive
Expressive is type of illocutionary act which signifies the addresser's psychological attitute toward the addressee. This classification shows the attitudes or feelings of the addresse, such as pleasure, happy, dislike, sad, adore, delighted, etc. The form of speeches are thanking, complaining, critizing, congratulating, hoping, apologizing, blaming, welcoming, deploring, flattering, giving compliment and condoling.

Directives
Directive is the classification of illocutionary act that have in tention meaning behind the utterance. The speakers want the listeners to do something. So, the purpose of this speech act is giving an effect to the listeners to perform an action. The examples of sentences are suggesting, asking, urging, forcing, ordering, defying, charging, daring, comanding, etc. The use of directive speech act also considers as face-threatening acts, because it may have a potential to damage the listeners needs (Tanako, 2005).

Commisives
Commisive is one of the form of illocutionary act that give limiattion of addresser's action. It means that the speakers have take action on what already mentioned in the speech. Commisive is similar with directive, but commisive emphasizes that the addresser should take action. The speeces that include in commisive are threatening, promising, vowing, intending, offering, and expression of ability.

Representative
Representative is one of illocutionary act that express a situation to the addressee. This category connects the truth of an utterance. So, the speakers should be responsible for what they are saying. The speeches that involve in this kind of illocutionary act are stating, suggesting, claiming, mentioning, reporting, telling, agreeing, speculating, asserting, concluding, describing, and so on.

The Speech Acts in Women's Movement
Speech act theory can helps us to have a better understanding about women's movement.
There are two kinds of speech acts that received many attentions in the feminism's movement, especially in fourth wave movement. The speech acts are reporting and accusing. Those speech acts are included in representative speech act. The purpose of representative speech act is to express certain situation to the listeners based on the speakers' point of view (Searle, 1976).

Speech Act's Role to Empower People
Speech act is used to explore human's speech in order to accomplish something. Speech act theory has an ability to empower people in achieving certain goal (Hanna & Richards, 2019).
There is one of the studies that analyze the use of speech act in nine female executive in Japan.
This research is using descriptive qualitative method to analyze the data. Source of the data is an interview between Emma Watson and Malala Yousafzai at the premiere of Malala's new documentary film "He Named Me Malala" in 2015. Technique of data collection is divided into some part. The first is finding the video of an interview between Emma Watson and Malala Yousafzai in Youtube. The second is downloading the video. The third is transcripting the interview. The next step is collecting the data that include illocutionary act in the conversation.
Technique of data analysis is separated into several steps. The first is identifying the utterances that already transcribed. The second is classifying the data based on illocutionary act theory by Searle (1976). The third is analyzing and describing the politeness strategy of both speakers. The next is interpreting the result of the data analysis. The last is making a conclusion bas ed on the findings. This study uses the speech act theory to examine the its role to empower people.

RESULTS
There are several types of illocutionary act appear in an interview between Emma Watson and Malala Yousafzai. The first is expressive. The second is representatives. The third is commisive.
The fourth is directives.

Emma Watson's Speech Acts
There are several speech acts uttered by Emma Watson in her speech. The speech act spoken by Emma Watson is described in Table 1. Malala empowers men to take a step forward and work together to achieve equality. Malala responds that if men and women are working together, change will come. So, the directive acts which uttered by Emma Watson leads to the Malala personal opinion about something that can empower other people to do something.
Other types of directive act uttered by Emma Watson is urging and asking for support. The example of Emma Watson speeches are; "we really need you as the next generation to extend the hand to the girls and women in your life" "you are in a unique position, you have a unique opportunity to do that, to support girls and women in your life." "if you have the chance, if moment represented to you, so speak up, so raise your voice" "your help and support is greatly greatly appreciated" The first until the third sentences are the types of directive acts called urging. Emma Watson urges boys and men all around the word to support girls and women in their life. Emma argues that boys and men have a unique position. So, Emma empowers them to speak up and support girls and women. Emma also says that their support and help are very much appreciated. It means that she does not only empower boys and men to do something, but also appreciate every single help that they do.

Malala Yousafzai's Speech Acts
There are several speech acts which included in Malala Yousafzai's speeches. The kinds of speech acts uttered by Malala Yousafzai can be seen in Table 2. "I want to see every child to get equality education. And in order to make sure that their dreams come true, we have to work hard and we have to take action" "If we want equal rights for men, men have to step forward" "We all have to work together. That's how change will come" "It is really important that we are going together. We support each other" "It is important that we think it is our responsibility to participate actively in bringing change. It's we who can bring change.
The first statement shows that Malala has a dream to see every child to go to school. However, she cannot work alone to make her dream comes true. So, she empowers people to work and take action together. She uses the word "we" to include people in her speech. She states her dreams and uses the word "we" to include people in her dreams. She said "we have to make sure". It means that Malala urges people to make sure that her dream becomes many people's dream. She uses that to empower people to work together with her. The last statement explains about the reason of her word choice. Malala believes that change is people's responsibility. She also adds that it is "we"