THE COMPARISON BETWEEN STRUCTURAL PARTICLE “地” IN MANDARIN AND STRUCTURAL PARTICLE “DENGAN” OR “SECARA” IN INDONESIAN

Corresponding Author: Elvira Septevany E-mail: elvira_s@pnb.ac.id ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Received: 2021-01-21 Accepted: 2021-03-21 Published: 2021-03-22 Volume: 5 Issue: 1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33019/lire.v 3i2.105 The uses of structural particle “地 dengan/secara” in Mandarin or in Indonesian have similarities and differences. In order to compare these two words, the writer uses contrastive analysis which is a study to identify the differences and similarities between Indonesian and Mandarin structural particle. The data collection technique was done by using purposive sampling technique. It was taken randomly from Modern Indonesian books and then compared with structural particle in Mandarin. The result of this analysis is that there are similarities and differences in the use of the structural particle “ 地 de” in Mandarin and “dengan” or “secara” in Indonesian. Besides, there are also differences in word usage. The difference can be seen from the uses of structural particle “地 de” in Mandarin and the structural particle “dengan” or “secara” in Indonesian in other words. The “地” marker in Mandarin can only corresponds to the adjective word class while the Indonesian language is more flexible because the structural particle “dengan” or “secara” can match the adjective, verb, noun, or adverb word class. The structural particle “dengan” or “secara” when corresponding to the word class will indicate a method, style or manner of doing something. KEYWORDS


INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, more and more people are dedicating time to study Mandarin as a second language.
Mandarin and Indonesian come from different language families, however, these two languages still have some similarities. For example, "dengan" or "secara" in Indonesian and "地 de" in Mandarin are structural particle as a marker. In Indonesian or Mandarin, the structural particle "地 dengan or secara" is an adverbial marker. The Mandarin "地 de" and Indonesian "dengan" or "secara" in usage are same, all of them describe the uses of action or actual structural particle. This structural particle is used to modify or to limit adjectives or verbs. So, the structural adjective "地 de" is placed in front of an adjective or verb (Wang Di, 2010). According to Yan Ling (2019), the use of the word "地 de" is very complicated because there are some words require the structural

METHODOLOGY
The method used by the author is contrastive analysis, which is a systematic study of language pair to identify differences and similarities between them (Brown, 1973). The author also uses contrastive analysis to analyze the Comparison of Mandarin Aspects and Indonesian Aspects which is never discuss it before (Elvira, 2018). Through this contrastive analysis, the author looks for differences and similarities between the structural particle "dengan" or "secara" in Indonesian and the structural particle "地 de" in Mandarin. The data collection technique was done by using purposive sampling technique, which is a technique of taking data samples w ith certain considerations (Sugiyono 2010: 128).
The sample used is an example of a structural particle "dengan" or "secara" in Modern Indonesian book that written in Mandarin by a Mandarin native speaker (Yu, 1993). Data was taken randomly from this book and compared with structural particle in Mandarin. After the data was collected, the authors analyzed it by comparing the use of particle "地" with "dengan" or "secara" based on the guidelines by rules for using the structural particle "地". The purpose of this descriptive study is to make descriptions systematically as well as the relationship between the phenomena being investigated, particularly the relationship between the structural particle "地" in Mandarin and the structural particle "dengan" or "secara" in Indonesian.

Results
Mandarin and Indonesian have structural particle "地 de" and "dengan" or "secara" as a markers.
Below are several word classes that can be match with structural particle "地 de" in Mandarin and "dengan" or "secara" in Indonesian.
a. Structural particle "地 de" and "dengan" or "secara" + "副词 fuci" adverb "segera" In Indonesian, only the structural particle "dengan" can match with adverb "immediately", while the structural particle "secara" cannot match with adverb "segera". Example: In Indonesian, the structural particle "dengan" can be optional when it matches with adverb "segera" because it does not act as a marker for the adverb, but only as an adverb auxiliary to further emphasize the meaning of the adverb. In Mandarin "副 词 Fuci" means adverb. The structural particle "地 de" cannot be used as a marker for the adverb "马上 dengan segera" because it acts on its own as a function of the adverb.
b. Structural particle "地 de" and "dengan" or "secara" + 形容词 adjective In Indonesian and Mandarin, the structural particle "dengan" or "secara" and "地 de" are mostly match with "adjectives". The structural particle "dengan" or "secara" must be placed before the "adjective" to describe the process or to tell us how something is done, when it is done, and where it is done. Example: Bajak laut Dengan gembira pulang ke Markasnya.
海贼 地 高兴 回到 他们的司令部 The pirates happily return to their base.
The adverb "happily" shows that the pirate's feeling upon return to his base. The structural particle "地 de" and "dengan" or "secara" above tell us how the pirate's feeling. Another example about marker "地 de" with adjective "mudah" and "simpel"are shown below. These examples show that the marker "地" in Mandarin or "secara/dengan" in Indonesia modifies the adjectives "mudah" to show how easily he defeated his opponent and and marker " 简单 simpel" to show how easily he introduces herself. So the marker "地" in Mandarin or "secara/dengan" in Indonesia can be match with adjective " 轻松 mudah" and "简单 simpel". The difference between "地 de" and "dengan/secara" markers is their position in the sentences. In Mandarin, the structural particle " 地 " comes after the adjective, while in Indonesian, the structural particle "dengan/secara" comes before the adjective.
In addition to adjectives consisting of two syllables, the repeating adjective can also match to the Mandarin structural particle "地 " as shown in example below. burden any pressure This example shows that "默默 diam-diam" in Mandarin is an adjective and can be paired with structural particle "地". While in Indonesian "diam-diam" also can be paired with structural particle "secara" to shows he can burden any pressure secretly. In Indonesian, the grammatical function of "diam-diam" is as an adverb (not as an adjective).

c. Structural particle "地 de" and "dengan" or "secara" + 动词 verb
In Mandarin, the structural particle " 地 de" can be modified the word " 轻 轻 松 松 qingqingsongsong". The Indonesian structural particle "dengan" also can modified the word "rileks" to shows how they spent their holiday relaxedly. The word "轻轻松松 rileks" is an adjective, but in Indonesia "rileks" is a verb. The difference shows that structural particle "地 de" with "dengan" or "secara" as a marker can be match with the verb "rileks" and adjective "轻轻松松". The sentence can be seen below. Relaxedly spent a holiday The structural particle "dengan" or "secara" can be omitted if it corresponds to the word "明 明 openly", but does not lose its meaning. The sentence can be seen below.  Ia secara terang-terangan memaki saya di depan orang banyak.
Openly cursed me in front of people many In Indonesian, the structural particle "secara" can modified the verb "terang-terangan".
Whereas in Mandarin, the structural particle "地 de" cannot modified the adverb "明明 mingming" because the word "明明 mingming" has already become an adverb. It means structural particle " 地 de" cannot modified the adverb.
The structural particle "地 de" can matches the word "匆忙 hurry". Here the word "匆忙 congmang" is an adjective. Meanwhile in Indonesian the word "terburu-buru" is a verb. The difference can be shown below. Ia dengan terburu-buru pulang ke rumah 她 地 匆忙 回到 家 She hurriedly returned home d. Structural particle "地 de" and "dengan/secara" + 名词 noun In Indonesian, the word "detail" is a noun. The noun "detail" can correspond to the structural particle "dengan" or "secara". Whereas the word "详细 detail" in Mandarin is an adjective. It can correspond to the structural particle "地". So it can be concluded that the noun in Mandarin cannot match the structural particle "地 de". Meanwhile, the noun in Indonesian can correspond to the structural particle "dengan" or "secara". Example can be seen below. The noun "detail" is preceded by structural particle "dengan" or "secara" as a marker. In Mandarin, structural particle "地 de" is optional because it has the same meaning. Meanwhile in Table 1.
As shown in Table 1, there are 5 similarities between the uses of structural particle "地" in Mandarin and the structural particle "dengan" or "secara" in Indonesian. In part 1, there are 3 sentences that have the structural particle "地" and "dengan" or "secara" which can tag adjectives.