THE EQUIVALENT OF THE JAPANESE VERBS SONAERU, SASHIAGERU, AND SAZUKERU INTO INDONESIAN

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Received: 19-8-2021 Accepted: 15-10-2021 Published: 30-10-2021 Volume: 5 Issue: 2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33019/lire.v 5i2.121 This research focuses on the verb equivalent of 'giving' Japanese into Indonesian. Japanese and Indonesian have different expressions of the 'giving' verb, both syntactically and pragmatically. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method. In this study, the theory used is semantic theory from Chaer which states lexical meaning and grammatical meaning. The pragmatic theory used in this study is the contextual theory from Pateda. The data source of this study uses data from the Japanese corpus, namely www.kotonoha.gr.jp/shonagon/.The results of this study indicate that syntactically the verbs of sonaeru, sashiageru and sazukeru each have a different structure in Japanese. This is related to the emergence of function markers in arguments in Japanese sentence structures. And semantically, the emergence of the function of the marker affects the meaning and use of the vocabulary.


INTRODUCTION
Japanese society is very concerned about politeness in speech. This also becomes one of the characteristics of Japanese, hereinafter abbreviated (BJ), namely the level of politeness in language. The expression of politeness in Japanese can be expressed grammatically and lexically.
Indonesian, hereinafter abbreviated (BI), which is good and right, can be interpreted as the use of various languages that are in harmony with the target, in addition to following the correct language rules. In certain conditions, namely the formal situation of the correct use of Indonesian language is a priority. This usage is often called using standard language. Indonesian does not have a level of politeness in language, speech situation or conversation context that can affect the meaning of each vocabulary.
Lehmann (in Sudaryanto, 1986: 6) states that "every central part of a language is a verb". That is, it is verbal who first determines the existence of various structures of constructions in the language concerned and their changes. The main function of a verb is as a predicate or as a core predicate in a sentence. Furthermore, Givon (2001:64-73) observes that the characteristics of a verb can be observed through three characteristics, namely semantic, morphological, and syntactic.
The context of the similarity of languages influences the overall meaning. The context in question is, among others.
1. The context of the person is the context relating to the sex, position of the speaker, the age of the listener or speaker, the social or economic background of the speaker or listener. In the context of the person, a person is forced to use words whose meaning is understood by the interlocutor according to age, gender, socioeconomic background and educational background.
2. Context of the situation, for example a dispute situation, safe situation (conducive) or dangerous. Someone will look for words whose meaning is related to the situation for example using words whose meanings are sad, sorry, saying and so forth.
3. Context of purpose, for example asking or expecting something to ask for purpose, then someone will look for words that mean asking.
4. The formal context of whether or not a conversation, forcing someone to look for words that match the formal or not the conversation.
5. The context of the mood of the speaker or listener, forcing someone to look for words whose meaning expresses the mood of the speaker or listener, for example fear, joy or annoyance.
6. Time context, for example day or night. This can be seen from the meaning of the words someone uses. 7. Context of place, for example in the cinema or in the market, place context greatly influences the word used.
8. Context object is the thing that is the focus of the conversation. For example, the focus of the speaker is on economics, then people will look for words related to economics. 9. Context of speaker or listening equipment on speaker or listener. For example, a person who is not normal in his speech when pronouncing a word but the word cannot be pronounced well, so that the person who hears cannot understand what is in the sentence and causes misunderstanding.
10. The linguistic context is to meet or not the linguistic method between the speaker and the interlocutor. For example, in writing, writing the things that are considered are punctuation and diction, while in spoken language, the sound pressure, the short length and the vibration of the voice that indicates certain emotions.
11. Language Contexts The language used. This indicates that a word or utterance symbol will not have meaning if apart from the context of the sentence.
Problems as above, it is important to study further so that the case can be described in the structure of BJ. In this regard, the use of the marker in the BJ sentence structure does only have a one meaning, but can also express other meanings. Regarding the mother tongue we use (Indonesian or regional language), it is necessary to have a deeper study regarding the use of these verbs of sonaeru, sashiageru and sazukeru or another vocabulary. Vocabulary understanding is very necessary. We as foreign language learners, we should be obliged to know the use of these vocabulary, so as to minimize language interference and communication misunderstandings. (2) Use of particles for data verbs. Aryani's research examines dative verbs in Japanese in terms of structure and meaning. This research shows that dative verbs are verbs whose presence has the potential to give rise to indirect objects (IO). The results of this study are (1) verbs that allow the emergence of indirect objects (IO) in Japanese are transitive verbs with particle ni, and (2) those verbs are ageru 'give', oshieru 'teaching', kureru 'give' , and kau 'buy'. Semantically these verbs are the keizoku doushi 'continuous verbs'.

METHODOLOGY
This research uses descriptive qualitative analysis method. The method is used to retrieve data taken from Japanese data corpus. Data source for Japanese-language corpus is www.kotonoha.gr.jp/shonagon/. The use of the language used by the speakers does not consider right and wrong, in line with what Sudaryanto (2015: 62). In addition, in the research data collection process, it must be kept in mind that the data taken is grammatical and acceptable data, both semantically and pragmatically. Method to scrutinize the use of words and adverbs dative aids in Japanese sentence in the source data. The equivalent method used in this study is the referential equivalent method (the determinant is the fact indicated by the language), and the translational equivalent method (using another language) whose determinant is another langue, in this case Indonesian.
The element sorting technique can be used to determine the nature and character of different languages. Japanese (BJ) has a different system with Indonesian (BI). For example, Japanese has a marking system, changing verbs but in Indonesian it doesn't. By using the element sorting method and assisted by the researcher's understanding of the rules that apply in Japanese, the language elements that exist in different languages can be identified. This informal method is realized by revealing the results of research through describing the results of the study in words or sentences to form a discourse in the form of research articles.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this section, an analysis of the verbs sonaeru, sashiageru and sazukeru will be presented.
A. The 供える sonaeru verb has the following lexical meaning: to serve, to complete, to give, to install, offer, to provide. Pay attention to the data below.
'In front of the main hall, Kamakura rice cakes and others are made for serving in the main hall, when it snows. ' (Yahoo !, 2008) In the data sentence (1) use the verb 供える sonaeru 'presentation' of the positive verb in the active BJ sentence pattern. Sentence data (1) above, sonaeru verb 'presentation' is a transitive verb in the form of the dictionary sonae{ru} 'provides', from the verb sonae{ru} 'provides' + noun, so it shows the verb that explains the noun. The meaning contained in the sentence data (1) states 'presentation'. Sentence structure data (1) contains Subject -Predicate. So, in the data sentence (1) it does not bring up three mandatory arguments, and negative particles which state the indirect object. Verb sonaeru 'penyajian' in Indonesian is paired like this to facilitate understanding in the meaning of Indonesian and adapted to grammatical meaning.
"It is said that this is because many offer on the god shelf (temple) as offerings. ' (Yahoo !, 2008) In the data sentence (2) using the verb 供える sonaeru 'presents' of the positive verb in the active BJ sentence pattern. Sentence data (2) above, the verb sonaeru 'offering' is a transitive verb in the dictionary form sonae{ru} 'offering', from the verb in the form sonae{ru} 'offering' + から which shows cause and effect. 2) states 'offer' something for God. The sentence data structure (2) contains clause 1 から 、 clause 2 with the predicate です which shows noun. So, in the data sentence (2) does not bring up three mandatory arguments, and negative particles which state the indirect object. The verb sonaeru 'mempersembahkan' in Indonesian is paired like this to facilitate understanding in the meaning of the Indonesian language and adapted to grammatical meaning.

Obuttan ni gohan (entō-kei ni word o torimasu) o sonaerundesuga, ie de wa "o boku-sama" tte yonde iru ndesu.
In the data sentence (3) use the verb 供える sonaeru 'prepare / provide' of the positive verb in the active BJ sentence pattern. Sentence data (3) above, the verb sonaeru 'prepare / provide' is a transitive verb in the dictionary form sonae{ru} 'prepare / provide', from the verb form dictionary sonae{ru} 'prepare / provide' + んです, so that it shows the sentence structure which requires further information / information. The meaning contained in the data sentence (3)  'This is for the purpose of offering the entire circle to the customer. That is the best treat. ' (Rekishi, 1981) In the data sentence (4) use the verb さ し あ げ る sashiageru 'offer / give' of the positive verb in the active BJ sentence pattern. Sentence data (4) above, the sashiageru verb 'offer / give' is a transitive verb in the dictionary form sashiage{ru} 'offer / give', from the verb form of the dictionary sashiage{ru} 'offer / give' + ため, so that it shows the pattern of the form for ~. Meaning contained in the data sentence (4) states 'offer / give'. The sentence data structure (4) contains the お 客さん に okyakusan ni ' to the customer / guest' as the recipient's argument functions grammatically as an indirect object, 一頭 まるま を Ichi-tō marumaru o 'lingkaran /a circle' as an argument that the recipient's grammatical function is an indirect object. Because the da ta in sentence (4) is a direct sentence, so the speaker or giver grammatical function subject is obscured.
That sentence is accepted in Japanese.
Thus, in sentence data (4) raises three arguments, and negative particles which state the indirect object as recipients. The sashiageru 'beri/ menawarkan' in Indonesian is paired like this to facilitate understanding in the meaning of the Indonesian lan guage and adapted to the grammatical meaning.
'" I'll pay $ 10 for one lesson, "said Mrs. Doriscor, smile. ' (Bungaku, 2004) In the data sentence (5) use the verb さしあげる sashiageru 'pay / give' from the positive verb in the active sentence pattern BJ. Sentence data (5) above, the sashiageru verb 'pay / give' is a transitive verb in the dictionary form sashiage{ru} 'offer / give', from the verb form of the dictionary sashiage{ru} 'pay / give' + そう 言う と, which states direct sentence. The meaning contained in the data sentence (5) states 'pay / give'. The sentence data structure (5) contains ミセ ス ・ ドリスコは Mrs. Doriscor ' Ny. Doriscor 'is the grantor's argument that functions grammatically on the subject, the recipient's argument that functions grammatically does not occur indirectly in the data sentence (5). However, the data sentence (5) is still acceptable both in meaning and structure in Japanese. Because the sentence is a direct sentence in Japanese. In addition, the sentence data (5) containing 一〇 ドル Ichi rei '10 dollars' is an argument for something that functions as a direct object grammatical object, and there is a lapse of the auxiliary In Indonesian, the words "give" and "receive" are only known, but in Japanese the word "give" is divided into two, namely yaitu あげる ageru and くれる kureru which have the same meaning "give" but have different functions. This phrase is not used for people whose age is older, but their close relationship with speakers such as parents, grandparents, sisters, or seniors at school. Used for people who are truly higher than speakers such as head of offices, high-ranking officials, people who are truly respected such as figures, guests, clients in the business world, or people who are just known by the speaker.

Position
b) あげる ageru 'give / give' 'In other words, the teacher teaches his students all the mysteries and secrets of the path. And, you will receive inventory. ' (Yahoo!, 2005) In the data sentence (7) using the 授ける sazukeru 'teach' of the verb tansitive in BJ's direct active sentence pattern. Sentence data (7) above, sazukeru verb 'teaches' is a transitive verb in the dictionary form sazuke{ru} 'teaches', from the verb form sazuke{ru} 'teaches', + particle no which shows noun substitute その 道 の 奥義秘伝 を sonomichi no ōgi ya hiden o 'the secret of the road and all the mysteries'. The meaning contained in the sentence data (7) states 'teach'. The sentence data structure (7) containing 師匠 が shishō ga 'teacher' is an argument that grammatical functions as a subject, 弟子 に deshi ni 'to students' is a recipient's argument that functions grammatically as a non-continuous object, and 目録 を mokuroku o 'inventory' is an argument something which is given which functions grammatically as a direct object.
Thus, it does not bring up the three arguments in the structure of the data sentence (7), and the negative particle which states the indirect object. The sazukeru verb 'mengajar' in Indonesian is paired like this to facilitate understanding in the meaning of the Indonesian language and adapted to the grammatical meaning.