THE TRANSLATION OF INFORMATION PATTERN FOR I CARE A LOT MOVIE SUBTITLE FROM ENGLISH TO INDONESIAN

Corresponding Author: Sajarwa, E-mail: sajarwa@ugm.ac.id ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Received: 26-09-2021 Accepted: 15-10-2021 Published: 30-10-2021 Volume:5 Issue: 2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33019/lire.v 5i2.125 Movie subtitle translation is the transfer of meaning from source text into target text in the form of text under the screen with limited time and characters. One of the problems in translating movie subtitle is the information pattern. Information patterns are how the information is organized. This information arrangement includes information status and information urgency. This research uses descriptive and comparative methods. The results of the study indicate that (i) there are parallels in information pattern urgency, namely foreground position tends to be in the beginning of the speech; (ii) the misalignment of information status occurs in sentences translation with it subject and that impersonal and in interrogative and imperative sentences translation, as well as in sentences translation with the non-doer subject. KEYWORDS


INTRODUCTION
Movie translation is very important so that movie lovers can enjoy the movies from all over the world. Movie translation is included in the category of audiovisual translation as stated by Diaź-Cintas (2009) that movie translation is an Audiovisual Translation (AVT). There are two types of movie translation, namely subtitles and dubbing. According to Baker (1998: 74), dubbing is a translation by replacing the spoken language in the movie. Meanwhile, subtitling or subtitle is the transfer of meaning from source text into target text in the form of text below the screen. The most challenging audiovisual translation for a translator today is subtitle, due to the translator must understand the terms of the time limit and the number of characters availa ble so that the source text dialogue message can be transferred properly into the target text.
One of the problems in translating movie subtitle is the information pattern. Information patterns are how the information is organized. This information arrangement involves two matters, namely information status and information urgency. Information status includes old information and new information. According to Chafe (1976: 210)

new information is information conveyed
The movie subtitles translation is different from the field of translation in other forms. In this field, translators face source language texts that show various signs, namely verbal or nonverbal, intentional or unintentional, and implicit or explicit. These signs are combined to form a message that will be received by the audience (Gottlieb, 1994). The movie subtitle translation focuses on the most important matter in terms of information (Diaź-Cintas & Remael, 2007). This translation has limitations due to the shift in modes from spoken to written, namely the factors that govern the media or channel in which meaning is conveyed, reduction in TSu, requirements for matching visual images (Hatim & Mason, 1996). In detail, Delabastita (1989) identifies audiovisual translation which includes verbal features (various stylistic and dialectical features), stories (plots, dialogues, etc., according to genre), proxemic and kinetic (related to various non -verbal behaviors), cinematic (camera techniques, film genres, etc.) In principle, the focus in audiovisual translation is to make the translation interesting, informative, artistic, and educational (Luyken & Herbst, 1991). The main goal of translation is to produce the effect that is as close as possible between the readers of the target language text and the readers of the source language text (Newmark, 1981). This extension of the voice channel and visual channel limits the translation strategies and procedures used. This study will analyze the caption translation for I Care a Lot movie subtitle from English to Indonesian, with the focus on analyzing parallels and misalignments in information patterns translation.

METHODOLOGY
This study uses data on English and Indonesian movie subtitles. The movie subtitle I Care a Lot (Blakeson, Pike, Dinklage, & González, 2021) which was released on February 19, 2021 in English as source text (ST) and its translation in Indonesian as target text (TT) which is translated by data source in this study due to differences in rules and sentence structures in English and Indonesian which affect the information patterns translation.
The crime-thriller genre I Care a Lot tells the story of an anti-patriarchal woman whose ambition was to amass wealth by deceiving wealthy elderly people under the guise of guardianship under the auspices of a legal court. The elderly who she thought were helpless turned out to be the mother of a sadistic member of the Russian mafia. This movie is the only one that raises the abuse issue of elderly guardianship in the United States (www.imdb.com). However, along with the success of its screening, this movie triggered and reaped various responses, both from audiences and critics. Based on the ranking results on the website www.rottentomatoes.com, 80% of the total 203 critics said this movie is worth watching.
The analysis focuses on parallels and misalignments of information patterns. The selection is based on the consideration that in the discourse there are relationships between elements, both cohesion and coherence relationships, old information and new information relationship, as well as foreground and background which are information arrangement aspects. This study uses a comparative method by comparing two data.
In the first step, a descriptive method was applied by breaking down the data (break down) and classifying it into single and compound clauses along with the types of sentences. This step refers to the functional analysis of Halliday and Hassan (1976: 2) which states that the text is not an extension of the grammatical level scale, but as a semantic unit that is realized through sentences that are broken down into clauses. Clause analysis is based on three functions, which include: syntactic function, semantic function, and pragmatic function (Dik, 1984), resulting in grammatical structure, lexical structure, and informational organization. After being broken down in the form of clauses, the information status and information urgency patterns were analyzed using distributional method which is described with the basic technique of Divided Direct Elements (Bagi Unsur Langsung/BUL) (Sudaryanto, 1993). This technique was applied to divide the clause into several parts according to the direct element. Afterwards, a comparative method was applied so as to produce (1) the alignment of information status containing findings (a) identical information pattern + identical semantic pattern; (b) identical information pattern + non-  (2) the alignment of information urgency pattern contains the findings of (a) identical information pattern; and (b) non-identical information pattern.

Identical Information Urgency Pattern + Identical Semantic Pattern
The information urgency pattern in a text is important information or Latar Depan/LD stole something as FV + from me as FP has urgency status as LD. Later on, in TSa, you as FN status as LB, verb phrases steal something and prepositional phrases from me are LD.
2) TSu: Two weeks ago, Jennifer's health took a severe downwards turn.

LD LB LB
The sentence in data (2) has a different construction from sentence (1) which is located in FP position. Sentence (1) puts FP (from me) behind, while sentence (2) puts FP (two weeks ago) in front. Putting FP at the beginning of the sentence makes the FP as LD, while FN and FV urgency status become LB. This shows that FP is an element in clause that can move and FP in sentence (2) contains more important information than FP in sentence (1). Thus, sentences (1) and (2) can 6) TSu: When an incapacitated John Doe is found (LB), the state automatically appoints them a legal guardian to oversee their treatment and welfare (LD). TSa: Saat pasien anonim yang cacat ditemukan (LB), negara secara langsung menunjuk wali yang sah untuk mengawasi perawatan dan kesejahteraannya (LD).
In multilevel compound sentences, information urgency status is determined based on clause type, both the main clause and the subordinate clause. Sentence (6) provides an example of information parallel pattern in a compound sentence (subordinating) with a subordinate clause placed in front of the sentence. However, LD status remains in the main clause and LB is in the subordinate clause. The same sentence structure also occurs in TSa where the subordinate clause is placed in front of the sentence. The TSa sentence has the same information urgency pattern as TSu sentence. The sentence in (7) is an active single sentence with a parallel information urgency pattern but the semantic is non identical patterns. In TSu, sentences are composed of FN (I) + FV (just responded to a call) + FP (from a doctor). The urgency status in the sentence is LB (FN) + LD (FV + FP).

Identical Information Urgency Pattern + Non Identical Semantic
Changes in semantic pattern are seen in TSa which is composed of FN (Aku) + FV (merespons panggilan dokter). The change is indicated by omitting the preposition (from) which removes FP in TSa sentence. This shows that semantic pattern misalignment does not always affect information urgency status pattern.  (8) in TSa is only represented by FV and LB by FN.
Although there is a change in the semantic structure in TSA, the information urgency pattern in TSu and TSa does not change.

9)
TSu: She's now a ward of the state.

LD LB LB LB
Sentence (9) shows a change in the sentence type from active sentences in TSu to passive sentences in TSa. Sentence (9) Tsu can literally be translated "Kini dia adalah tanggungan negara". However, in TSa, the verb is not translated and modulation is done so that TSa sentence type becomes a passive sentence. The sentence structure in sentence (8)  In sentence (10) there is a sentence form changing in the source text and the target text.
Sentences in TSu are compound sentences consisting of a main clause and a subordinate clause.
The main clause We don't know has LD position, while the subordinate clause they killed her has LB position. However, the sentence in TSa are translated into single sentence with the structure FN + FV. The noun phrase kita is LB while the verb phrase tak tahu itu is LD. Therefore, it can be said that there is a change in information urgency pattern and semantic patterns so that the sentences in TSu and TSa are not identical sentences.

Identical Information Status Pattern
In a text, the structure is an information status representation, both IL and IB. In the case of the translated text that is built by the source text (TSu) and the target text (TSa), the information status position in the sentence structure can be identical and non -identical.  (11) and (12) no shift in information status is found due to the similarity of the syntactic sequence in English as TSu and in Indonesian as TSa, namely S-V-O. Therefore, syntactic functions which generally have IL status (subject) and IB status (predicate and object) in TSu are also owned by TSa.

Non-Identical Information Status Pattern
Status information pattern is said to be not identical when there is a change in IL to IB status and vice versa. In this article, we classify information status misalignments based on the types of sentences, namely interrogative and imperative sentences, and based on the subject-filling syntactic categories used in TSu and TSa, namely non-doer nouns and demonstrative pronouns (It).
The misalignment information status pattern in interrogative sentences.  (13) and (14) show the misalignment information status pattern between TSu and TSa in interrogative sentences. In the example sentence in data (13), the modal verb "can" together with subject I establishes IL status in TSu, while in TSa, subject I is omitted to ø form. Similar to data (14), the noun phrase the truth in TSu is translated into adjective jujur in TSa.

13) TSu
The misalignment of information status pattern in imperative sentences.  (15) and (16) show the misalignment of information status pattern on TSu and TSa.

15) TSu
In the example above, the pronoun her has IL status IL in TSu, which refers to the character Jennifer Peterson in the context into ø form of in TSa. Therefore, it can be said that there is a misalignment of information status pattern in TSu and TSa.
The misalignment of information status pattern in the sentence with non-doer subject.  (20) and (21) there is a modulation in translating the demonstrative pronoun It, which is indicated by changes in the subject's syntactic function in TSa. This shows the misalignment of information status pattern in the noun phrases a real nice neighborhood (IB) and a real nice stone (IB) in TSu to become noun lingkungan (IL) and batu ini (IL) in TSa.

17) a. TSu:
Example sentences (20) and (21) show similarities in terms of the misalignment of information status form, where noun phrases that function as objects (a real nice neighborhood) and (a real nice stone) are placed at the end of the sentence and have information status as IB in TSu. FN in both sentences acts as a referent which is referred to by the demonstrative pronoun it which functions as the subject. In both sentences (20) and (21) TSu, the demonstrative pronoun has information status as IL. However, the state of IL changes shape by shifting the function of the object into the subject, namely (Lingkungan) and (Batu ini). However, in sentence (20), the subject was modified with complement yang sangat bagus, while the subject in sentence (21) TSa was given a subtitle marker (ini).

DISCUSSION
Based on information urgency pattern, we found in this study that the foreground tends to be placed at the beginning of the sentence. This finding indicates that the foreground has the same function as the theme in the sentence as explained by Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) that based on the order, the theme is at the beginning of the sentence. However, the results of our analysis also show that this trend is not absolute. According to Sajarwa (2013), information urgency in single French sentences is determined based on the sentence structure where verbal phrases (FV) have higher information urgency than nominal phrases (FN). In a compound sentence, information urgency is determined based on tenses where clause with imparfait tense as back ground marker and passé simple as fore ground marker. In English, imparfait function as LB marker is equivalent to the past continuous tense, while passé simple is equivalent to the simple past tense. In Indonesian, the sentence structure does not recognize the concept of time. Therefore, in Indonesian subordinating complex sentences, LD is represented by a main clause, while LB is represented by a subordinate clause.
In a sentence, information urgency can be tested by eliminating words or phrases that are identified as LD or LB. The proof of information urgency can be shown throu gh sample data (4).
When LB (by old people) or (oleh orang tua) is removed from the sentence so that it changes to Don't get fooled (TSu) and Jangan tertipu (TSa), the message meaning conveyed by the speaker does not change. This is possible due to both the speaker and the recipient of the message involved in the dialogue already have knowledge of what is being discussed even though LB is not stated explicitly. Testing method of information urgency in sentences can also be applied when testing the status of old information (IL) and new information (IB) due to old information is the type of information that is assumed by the speaker to be known by the speech partner (Setiawan, 2018).
In the case where IL in the subtitle/TSa is omitted, IL is represented by demonstrative pronouns as shown in data (19). In data 19.b., the demonstrative pronoun it refers to the saving account which is located in the previous sentence (19.a.). Both it and the saving account in the two sentences have information status as IL. However, in the subtitle it is not translated but converted into ø form . This again proves that IL can be removed while IB cann ot, therefore in subtitle translation context, IB is always translated into TSa.
Another similar case is also shown in data (19) and (20) where demonstrative pronouns that initially have status as IL in TSu are omitted in TSa. The demonstrative pronoun tha t functions as subject in the three examples does not refer to anything. In this case, the demonstrative pronoun it has the same function and character as the demonstrative pronoun il in French. According to Sajarwa (2000), the demonstrative pronoun il has two main properties, irréle and réel. The first property indicates that the pronoun has no referent, while the pronoun réel has a referent. The demonstrative pronoun irréle has only a grammatical function. Indonesian does not recognize demonstrative pronouns as fillers of grammatical functions without referents. Therefore, in translation, the pronoun irréle is always omitted.
There is also a misalignment of information status patterns in interrogative and imperative sentences. The results of our analysis show that changes in information status pattern from TSu to TSa do not affect the illocutionary acts conveyed by speakers. In other words, changes in information status pattern in subtitle translation have no effect on pragmatic equivalence. This is shown in data (13) and (14) for misalignment of information patterns in interrogative sentences and data (15) and (16) for misalignment of information patterns in imperative sentences. In data (13), the speaker shows a directive illocutionary act in which he asks the message recipient to perform an action. The resulting subtitles translation on the data also contains a directive illocutionary act. Data (14) also shows the same phenomenon where the expressive illocutionary act is maintained in subtitle translation even when the pronoun persona you in TSu is removed from the subtitle.
Another finding identified in this study is the change in information status from IB to IL that occurs in non-doer subject in subtitle translation. In data (18), the noun phrase very good insurance fills the syntactic function as an object and has information status as IB. Subsequently, in subtitle translation, the noun phrase changes its function as subject with particle -nya which becomes subtitle marker. Therefore, the object with status IB on TSu changes to IL on TSa. The findings of this pattern change can be generally accepted. A similar case where the object with IB status turns into a non-doer subject with IL status is also shown in the data (19). However, there are differences in the location in information patterns change between data (18) and data (19). In data (18), changes in information status pattern occur in intra-sentence, namely the object in TSu turns into a subject in TSa therefore it also changes the status information pattern. In data ( Based on data analysis results, we found a shift in information status pattern and a shift in information urgency in subtitle translation of I Care A Lot movie. We argue that the shift in information status pattern in subtitle translation is motivated by the capacity of characters allowed in one subtitle line. Research findings shows that the relative pronoun filled grammatical functions are always omitted have a high possibility of generalisability. In addition, contrastive research on the criteria for IL and IB markers based on categories and syntactic functions in BSu and BSa is also required in the development translation studies.

CONCLUSION
The movie subtitle translation analysis above shows that there are parallels and misalignments of information patterns from English to Indonesian. The alignment of information urgency pattern is that the foreground position tends to be at the beginning of the speech. The foreground has important information therefore it is not possible to be omitted. The misalignment of information status occurs in sentences translation with impersonal subjects it and that. The misalignment of information status also occurs in the translation of interrogative and imperative sentences.
However, this affects the pragmatic equivalence. The misalignment of information status also occurs in sentences translation with non-doer subject.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This article is the result of joint research. Sajarwa determines the research topic, develops a theoretical framework, analyzes data, draws up discussion and concludes. Aulia Addinillah A and Cynthia Yanda collect data, compile the results, and assist in analyzing the data. Nadia Khumairo and Akhmad Khalid prepare a literature review and research methods. I would like to thank the students for their enthusiastic discussion in the class to provide this interesting idea about translation in subtitle and their thorough assistance in writing this article.