Humor Analysis in Asterix at the Olympic Games Comic

Humor can be found in both spoken and written language, which is an imitation of spoken language. Comic books are one type of written source of humor. Asterix at the Olympic Games is one of comic which contains humor. The purpose of this paper is to determine how linguistic context and non-linguistic context produce humor in the comic Asterix at the Olympic Games . This study used a descriptive qualitative approach. The study's findings revealed that speech acts and maxims violations were linguistic contexts that contributed to the production of humor. Character expression and illustration, on the other hand, contributed to the production of humor in a non-linguistic context.

A perlocutionary act is the result of an utterance. It is what people bring about or achieve by saying things like "get the hearer to know," "get the hearer to do something," "get the hearer to expect something," "show pleasant and pleasant feelings," and "praise" (Austin, 1969: 108).

The Cooperative Principle
When people engage in conversation with others, the basic assumption is that they are attempting to collaborate with others in order to construct a meaningful conversation. This assumption is also referred to as the Cooperative Principle (CP). Related to the CP, Grice (in Thomas, 1995: 56) states "make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged". The CP, according to Grice, will manifest in a number of conversational maxims. Grice proposes four maxims: the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation, and the maxim of manner.

Maxim of Quantity
There are some rules that must be followed in maxim quantity. The first is to make your contribution as informative as possible, and the second is to avoid making your contribution more informative than necessary. The adage goes, 'say as much as is helpful, but no more and no less.' Participants in a conversation must present the message as informatively as possible.

Maxim of Quality
Maxim quality implies that we must be truthful. There are also some rules that must be followed in order to adhere to the quality maxim. The first is to avoid saying anything you believe to be false. The second rule is to avoid saying anything for which there is insufficient evidence. successful in unfolding the intended meaning or message that the speaker tries to convey. To put it another way, in order to obey the Maxim of Relation, we must provide a relevant answer to the question that is easily understood by the listener. The key is to provide an answer that is direct and clear, and that is focused on the question.

Maxim of Manner
We are expected to be perspicuous, which means that we must say things in the clearest, shortest, and most orderly manner possible. There are some rules that must be followed in this maxim. The first is to avoid obscurity in expression, the second is to avoid ambiguity, the next is to be brief or avoid unnecessary prolixity, and the last is to be orderly.

Context
Context is an important concept in pragmatic analysis because pragmatics focuses on the meaning of words in context or interaction and how the persons involved in the interaction communicate more information than the word they use. Yule (1996: 21) mentions that context simply means the physical environment in which a word is used. Meanwhile, Mey (1993: 39-40) states that context is more than a matter of reference and of understanding what things are about. It gives a deeper meaning to utterances. Context means the situation giving rise to the discourse and within which the discourse is embedded. Nunan (1993: 8) says that there are two types of context. a. The linguistic context: the language that surrounds or accompanies the piece of discourse under analysis.
b. The non-linguistic or experiential context within which the discourse takes place. Nonlinguistic context includes: the type of communication event (for instance, joke, story, lecture, greeting, conversation); the topic; the purpose of the event; the setting including location, time of the day, season of year, and physical aspects of the situation (for example, size of room, arrangement of furniture); and the participants and the relationships between them underlying the communicative event. Based on what it is stated above, the present researcher also focuses on non-linguistic context of the comic that is the picture of the comic. It cannot be denied that the picture or the drawing of the comic is one of the most important parts of the comic. To understand the comic, both the story line and the humor, the reader should pay attention to the picture. In some parts of the comic, the humor is mostly created by the illustration, not by the utterances of the characters of the comic. The non-linguistics contexts which will be analyzed in this paper are the illustration and the character's expression.

2.4.Comic and Cartoon
Comic and cartoon are very closely connected. Both of the term brings out a similar idea. McCloud (2008) states that comic is juxtaposed pictorial and other images in deliberately sequences, intended to convey information and/or produce an aesthetic response. Gultom and Gintings (2013) states that cartoon as humorous drawing can critique the condition of a country, for example political, economical or social events. Verbal cartoon itself is defined as the combination of words and pictures in which humorous idea or joke is put beyond the form conversational text and the drawings (Wijana, 2003). The text in the cartoon shows the speech uttered and the drawing shows the speaker, hearer, the word spokes of and spatiotemporal setting related to where and when the speech is uttered. It can be said that the drawing represents the context of situation in the comic. It means illustration and expression also play important roles in understanding the joke or the humor in the comic.
Russell & Fernández-Dols (in Kaiser and Wehrle, 2001: 287) states that facial expressions have non-emotional, communicative functions. Kaiser and Wehrle (2001: 287) also add that a smile or a frown, for instance, can have different meanings. It can be a speech-regulation signal (e.g., a back-channel signal), a speech-related signal (illustrator), a means for signaling relationship (e.g., when a couple is discussing a controversial topic, a smile can indicate that although they disagree on the topic there is no "danger" for the relationship), an indicator for cognitive processes (e.g., frowning often occurs when somebody does some hard thinking while concentrated on attending to a problem, or when a difficulty is encountered in a task), and an indicator for an emotion (affect display). Related to the facial expression, humor is also associated with odd facial expression. A specific change of facial expression can bring laugh to the implied meaning, qualitative analysis is used. This study also includes a quantitative presentation model. The data analysis is presented quantitatively in terms of the frequency with which each analyzing item occurs.
This study's data is taken from the comic Asterix at the Olympic Games in the form of a conversation in the comic. According to Arikunto (1996: 114), the source of the data refers to the subject from which the data are obtained. Data are materials used by some researchers in which the research object is described using materials from the research object. The data is presented in the form of utterances made by the characters in the comic. The current researcher only collects humorous utterances, utterances with maximum violation content, or conversations in which illustrations aid in the production of humor.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
There are three kinds of finding in this research. The first part is the speech act in the funny conversation. The second part is the violation of the maxim in the comic. The last part is the nonlinguistics contexts which contributes in producing humor. Tables are provided to show the frequencies of the findings.

The Speech Act
The data for speech acts were obtained by analyzing sentences based on their function. The research findings are shown in the table below. The humor in this comic is mostly found when the hearer's perlocutionary act or response does not match the speaker's illocutionary act. To summarize, when an utterance is inconsistent with an action or a sentence, and the action is inconsistent with the response, it can lead to laughter during a conversation.

The Cooperative Principle
According to Attardo (2001), humor is seen pragmatically as a violation of the cooperative principle, which in this case is a violation of the maxims. The researcher entered the data into the data card after reading the comic and obtaining the data. The following are the findings concerning violated maxims:

to olympia to cheer them on!" The Gaulish people: "Good old Vitalstatistix! Good old Asterix! Good old Obelix!" Fulliautomatix: "Objection! I don't agree! Look!" (behave like Dogmatix)
Obelix's understanding of the meaning of'strong' appears to differ from that of others. In general, we interpret'strong' as someone's ability to lift something heavy or how tough they are in the face of a difficult situation. However, in Obelix's opinion,'strong' means something that cannot be done with the help of another person. Dogmatix is considered strong because he can scratch his Another maxim violation that can be amusing is the violation of the maxim Quantity. The quantity maxim violation is in page 16-18. The scene is set when The Gauls arrive in the harbor and prepare to board the boat. The Captain of the Boat demonstrates how to sit on the boat. The seats are outfitted with oars. It is, in fact, the seat for the boatmen who row the boat. According to the captain, those seats are reserved for the Gauls. It means that the passengers will sail the boat themselves to Olympia. When Chief Vitalstatistix inquiries about the music, the boatman begins to strike a music instrument that appears to be percussion. The captain also mentions that they have a luxury class because passengers on typical cruises are chained up. This statement implies that Gauls are treated slightly better than slaves. When the slaves are rowing the boat, the captain usually chains them. The following is the conversation: greatly from what is stated in the advertisement. The phrase "one class only" implies that the passenger has no control over how they spend their time on the trip. The Gauls must row the boat themselves because it is a "open air sport." The "marvelous atmosphere" refers to the boatman playing a percussion-like instrument while the Gauls row the boat to Olympia. The Captain of the boat violates the quantity maxim by providing limited information about the boat's facilities.
The example of violation of the maxim of manners can be found in page 16. It is the moment when the Druid is about to name the Gaulish athletes who will represent them in the Olympic Games. Everyone wishes they were the one to represent the Gauls. Some Gauls are debating who the best person to represent the Gauls is. Fulliautomatix claims to be the best, but Obelix claims that Dogmatix is superior because it can scratch its ear with its hind leg. The following is an illustration and conversation: The violation of the maxim relation also contributes to the production of humor. Page 6 shows an example of a maxim relation violation. There is a conversation in the scene when Geriatrix informs Chief Vitalstatistix that the Romans in Aquarium are very happy. Geriatrix not only tells you about the Romans in the Aquarium, but he also tells you about the mushroom he just should do about the Romans, but Getafix responds by suggesting another way to process the mushroom.
The maxim of the conversation in Asterix at the Olympic Games comic is violated or flouted to create humor. By violating the maxim, the speakers intentionally avoid using certain maxims in their conversation in order to cause misunderstanding among their participants or to achieve other goals. However, maxim flouting occurs when people deliberately stop using maxims to persuade their listeners to infer the hidden meaning behind their utterances.

Non-Linguistics Context
The non-linguistics contexts which will be analyzed in this paper are the character's expression and the illustration. According to the data, there are 23 non-linguistics context aspect which contribute to the humor which consist of illustration and character's expression. One of the most important factors that will entice readers to read the comic is the illustration. The reader will be able to imagine the situation in the story during the conversation with the help of illustrations. The illustrations in humor comics play an important role in conveying the humor. According to Bodmer (1992) in Fang (1996), states that illustrations serve to "expand, explain, interpret, or decorate a written text".
It is because humor is created not only through conversation but also through the situations that Dogmatix is stronger than him. The illustration when Fulliautomatix behaves like Dogmatix makes the scene funny.
The change in character expression depicted in the comic aids readers in imagining the characters' emotions. It is also one of the factors that aids the writer in attracting readers. The reader will read the conversation in which the character's emotion changes. The reader will gain a better understanding of the story's situation by observing the character's expression change in the illustration. If the readers have the image in their heads, the humor will come to them more easily when they read the comic. As a result, the change in expression of the character becomes one of the factors that brings out the humor.
The example of funny expression can be found in page 12. The scene happens when Chief Vitalstatistix comes to The Aquarium where the Romans stay. He meets Chief Gaius Veriambitius to tell him that the Gauls will also join the Olympic Games. The conversation is as follow: Page 12 Chief Vitalstatistix : "We've decided to enter for the Olympic Games as well." Chief Gaius Veriambitius : "WHAT!" Chief Vitalstatistix : "Yes. We'll send a champion to Olympia! And may the best man win. Cheerio!" Hearing this, Chief Gaius Veriambitius is very shocked. He almost jumps out of his bathtub. His expression when he is shocked brings up the humor of the comic. The expression of the other character beside him also brings up the humor. He is sweeping very fast since he knows that The Gauls, who is known for their power, will be one of his competitors in the Olympic Games.
To sum up, illustration becomes one of the most important factors which attracts the readers to read the comic. Illustration can help the reader to imagine the situation in the story during the conversation. In humor comics, the illustrations have an important role in delivering the humor. It is because the humor is not always created from the conversation but it is also created from the situations which are drawn in the illustration. The humors in this comic are brought up by a funny illustration to support the funny conversation between the characters in the comics and to illustrate the situation during the conversation. Even more, the change of character's expression drawn in the comic helps the readers imagine the emotion of the characters. It is also one point that helps the writer to attract the readers. By seeing the change of character's expression in the illustration, the reader can understand more about the situation in the story. If the readers have the picture in their imagination, of course the humor will come up easier when they read the comic. This is why the change of character's expression also becomes one of the factors which bring out the humor.

CONCLUSION
The speech acts and the cooperative principle of maxims are pragmatic aspects of conversation in the comic that produce humor. There are three sequences in the speech act: the locutionary act, the illocutionary act, and the perlocutionary act. The sentence is the locutionary act, the action is the illocutionary act, and the perlocutionary act is the impact of the utterance as well as the action of the sentence. When the sentence does not correspond to the action, the humor emerges. The humor also appears when the sentence and action are not in line with the expected impact. When the sentence, the action, and the impact are not in sync, humor may appear. It means that the act of speaking contributes to the production of humor.
One of the pragmatic aspects that produces humor is the cooperative principle. There are four maxims in cooperative principle: the maxim of quality, the maxim of quantity, the maxim of manner, and the maxim of relation. When people communicate with one another, the maxim may be broken. The violation may occur as a result of the speakers or addressee failing to provide adequate information during the conversation. In a conversation, a maxim violation can occur either intentionally or unintentionally. The violation of maxims in the conversation can be amusing. It means that one of the pragmatic aspects that produce humor is the cooperative principle of maxim.