DYSPHEMISM USED IN DEADPOOL MOVIE PAPER TITLE

Received: 06-04-2020 Accepted: 03-10-2020 Published: 12-10-2020 Volume: 4 Issue: 2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33019/lire.v3 i2.73 This thesis entitled Dysphemism Used in Deadpool Movie. Dysphemism in Deadpool is problematized in its home country, i.e. the United States, due to its excessive occurrences. For this reason, this study aims at 1) to find out the types of dysphemism which illuminates the uses of dysphemism, and 2) revealing the functions which explain why the characters utilize such dysphemistic words. The theory of Dysphemism proposed by Allan & Burridge (2006) is used to reveal the functions of the use of dysphemism. In a ddition, the author also uses semantic approach by delineating the meaning of dysphemism in a lexical and contextual manner along with examples of its use in context. Moreover, the analysis of componential meaning is used to observe the types of dysphemism based on Allan & Burridge' theory and Rawson's theory. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The data of this research are words and phrases which indicated dysphemism. The sources of the data are transcript and video. There are 95 dysphemism data obtained and observed by the writer. The result of this research shows that three types of dysphemism are found in the movie, i.e. profanity, obscenity, and insult. The dysphemism type mostly found is the obscenity with 31 data (33%). In addition, there are seven functions of the use of dysphemism revealed. The most dominant function of dysphemism that is used in this movie is to humiliate something or someone else with 79 data (83%). The writer also found some factors of the use of dysphemism such as making a joke, shocking others, showing intimacy or friendliness, to astonish others and show their way of speaking or identity. Theoretically, the research can be useful to develop the theory of dysphemism since there were only a few theories about dysphemism. Also, the componential analysis of the dysphemism in this research can be used for further research and expected both the writer and the reader to have a better ability in choosing the right decision on which terms should be used in certain conditions. KEYWORDS

This thesis entitled Dysphemism Used in Deadpool Movie. Dysphemism in Deadpool is problematized in its home country, i.e. the United States, due to its excessive occurrences. For this reason, this study aims at 1) to find out the types of dysphemism which illuminates the uses of dysphemism, and 2) revealing the functions which explain why the characters utilize such dysphemistic words. The theory of Dysphemism proposed by Allan & Burridge (2006) is used to reveal the functions of the use of dysphemism. In a ddition, the author also uses semantic approach by delineating the meaning of dysphemism in a lexical and contextual manner along with examples of its use in context. Moreover, the analysis of componential meaning is used to observe the types of dysphemism based on Allan & Burridge' theory and Rawson's theory. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The data of this research are words and phrases which indicated dysphemism. The sources of the data are transcript and video. There are 95 dysphemism data obtained and observed by the writer. The result of this research shows that three types of dysphemism are found in the movie, i.e. profanity, obscenity, and insult. The dysphemism type mostly found is the obscenity with 31 data (33%). In addition, there are seven functions of the use of dysphemism revealed. The most dominant function of dysphemism that is used in this movie is to humiliate something or someone else with 79 data (83%). The writer also found some factors of the use of dysphemism such as making a joke, shocking others, showing intimacy or friendliness, to astonish others and show their way of speaking or identity. Theoretically, the research can be useful to develop the theory of dysphemism since there were only a few theories about dysphemism. Also, the componential analysis of the dysphemism in this research can be used for further research and expected both the writer and the reader to have a better ability in choosing the right decision on which terms should be used in certain conditions.

INTRODUCTION
As social beings, people need to interact and communicate through language. The term "communication" is the definition's key of the language. An American Linguist, Edward Sapir stated that language is related to communication between human being. One important aspect of language which is also important to consider is words and its use. This can be a result of a word that has distinct aiming to other words, and even one word might have multiple meanings in a variety of different languages. There are many kinds of individuals who have various backgrounds. They may have various employments, classes, and societies. Every one of these distinctions influences their language and the manner in which they impart.
Sincepipeople becomeeeaware of saving their positive images, the preferenceiifor arranging wordiibefore speaking upiibecomes a manner that must be done. People would refine their words to say something taboo or something considered inappropriate to avoid conflict. This expression is termed euphemism. The use of deliberately indirect, conventionally imprecise, or socially "comfortable" ways of referring to taboo, embarrassing, or unpleasant topics that are counted as a strategy of politeness is preferred by society. In any case, a few people separately remain on the opposite, they intimidate and largely use inappropriate words as their defense over someone, with the aim of "offending or violating the proscription imposed by society or by ourselves" (Fernandez, 2015:2). It proves that the function of language is not only to communicate, but also to tear down, scorn, and annihilate an opponent. This condition and language preference exist in the domain of linguistics, known as dysphemism. The exact example of dysphemism terms comes from the "Deadpool" movie scripts, the phrase "lame ass", "God damn it" and the word "cock". This dysphemism terms occur in order to insulting the listener, embarrassing the interlocutors, attacting the listener's self -esteem and judging people in the negative way. Allan & Burridge (1988:12) say that dysphemism is an expression with connotations that is offensive either about the denotatum or to the audience, or both, and it is substituted for a neutral or euphemistic expression for just that reason. Dysphemism is one of the figures of speech that can be found in our daily conversation or various aspects of entertainment media such as books, radio streaming, television program, movie and so on. Among those media, the movie has become a favorite entertainment for a lot of people, whether it watched directly from television devices, cinema or online streaming. The approval comes from King (2002:1) who states that films provide more pedagogical options and are a rich resource of intrinsically motivating materials for learners. However, choosing a movie as the data of research will give noteworthy effects in acquiring a various arrangement of words and dysphemistic expressions. This study intends to identify the dysphemism and its function in the Deadpool.
A motion picture which is problematized for the existence of dysphemistic words is Deadpool. Deadpool was an issue related to language which gains a controversy because the censorship boards of China and Uzbekistan problematize one of aspects which is the existence of excessive foul language in Deadpool (Lughrey, 2016; Siegel, 2016). Deadpoollltellsssthe originiistoryyiof formeryySpecial Forcesssoperative turnedosmercenary WadessWilson, who afterytbeing subjectedtsto a roguesdexperiment thatsdleaves himscwith acceleratedsshealing powers, adoptscsthe alter ego Deadpool. Armedshwith hisscnew abilitiesseand a dark, twisted sensedsof humor, Deadpoolfihunts downdethe mansdwho nearlyssdestroyed hissalife. The Deadpool movie achieved both financial and critical success.
As a result, dysphemism in the motion picture deserves a special attention to be analyze to see the dysphemism practices deeper since most of the superhero movies highlight the characteristics of a hero or the good side of a hero. Also, it is obvious that theresare aalot offsdysphemisms foundein thiscmovie, itsewould besdconvenient to analyzesethe typeseand theesfunction of using dysphemistic words. Theyufunction of using dysphemism is alsoreinteresting toreinvestigate sodethat weyscould understand what stimulates someoneysutters suchcaan inappropriateseword andsathe speaker'sedintention by expressingesdysphemism.
The significance of the study is intended to give some contributions to the development of language learning since there were only a few theories about dysphemism. Also, the componential analysis of the dysphemism in this research can be used for further resea rch. Also, the writer and the reader are expected to have a better ability in choosing the right decision on which terms should be used in certain conditions. Then, both the writer and the readers can recognize the reason why such people use dysphemistic terms and to warn themselves to be wiser while speaking in front of people. Further researcher, it is supposed to be guidance to upgrade similar research. There are people usually imitate the style and the way the actors spoke in a movie especially when the characters use dysphemism terms. Moreover, they just imitate the dysphemism terms without knowing its meaning, what the function is, and how it can be formed, and used as the daily language. It is one of language phenomenon that makes the writer intereste d to analyse the dysphemism expressions in Deadpool movie. This case occurs because It is very interesting to watch by people. Then, the use of dysphemism in the film industry is very interesting to analyzed because in addition to learn a new speech in English can also find out what the true meaning of a dysphemism terms or phrases is spoken. It may also help the people to be able to understand every dysphemism terms or phrases that found in this movie so they can understand the plot of this movie and get the entertainments of Deadpool movie.
Furthermore, there are other researchers who had conducted the study. Duda (2011) observed the boundary between euphemism and dysphemism. The study points out that euphemism tends to reveal politeness or respect while dysphemism serves to depreciate a painful conception or taboo object. Therefore, this study will be more complete and detail in observing dysphemism. On the other hand, Mohammed (2011) concerns the translation of dysphemistic expression in a literary work entitled Othello. As a result, it is found that the expressions of dysphemism are abundant in literary works, especially about sex and insulting expressions. The writer in this study focused on observing dysphemism because the function and the typ e will be investigated thoroughly. All of the researchers above have similar interest in observing dysphemism, but they have different objects of the study. According to the previous explanation, the writer is interested in analyzing dysphemism terms found in a movie because it is crucial for the audience to be able to understand every dysphemism terms or phrases that found in the movie so they can understand the plot of this movie and get the entertainments.

Literal Meaning
The meaning has two basic of types. One of it is the actual meaning which based on the dictionary called literal meaning. According to Searle (1968:117), the literal meaning of a sentence is entirely determined by the meanings of its component words and the syntactical rules according to which the elements are combined. It is the linguistic propositional meaning of a sentence, as opposed to the intended speaker meaning which is identified with what the speaker says in uttering the sentence. Literal meaning and sentence meaning is kind of similar.

Contextual Meaning
It is the meaning based on the situation or the context around. Contextual meaning is similar to the theory of utterance meaning proposed by Lyons (1977:643). He states that utterance meaning is a kind of meaning included the secondary features which one of them in context. If the literal meaning is in the surface structure, contextual meaning includes in deep structure. Deep structure is a more abstract structure that influences the meaning, such as paralinguistic features of language (intonation, stress, rhythm, loudness, etcetera.), important and contrastive indicator, speech acts, metaphor, presupposition, and variety of social relations (Palmer, 1981:39-40).

Componential Meaning Analysis
The meaning of the words and phrases lies on componential analysis. Componential analysis itself is the analysis of every lexeme based on a pack of more generic components of sense or commonly called semantic features (Lyons, 1977:319). This analysis facilitates us to see the whole meaning of a word through several distinct elements or components of meaning (Palmer, 1981:108). The components can be easily recognized where words can be settled in a diagrammatic form to depict some kind of proportional relationship. A specific characteristic of componential analysis is that it treats the components as a "binary" opposite.

Dysphemism
Allan and Burridge (2006:31), states that Dysphemism is an expression with offensive connotations or pejorative traits in the form of words or phrases which address to a certain person or a group of people. Putranti et al (2017:710) describes that dysphemism uses harsh language or even taboo words. Conveying notions, desires, and thoughts through some particularly harsh words are something that speaker intents. A word or phrase can be considered as dysphemism or bad words by examining the context of the words, the meaning of the words which dynamically changes and the way the word is conveyed (Rawson, 1989:3). For instance, some words are acceptable in an informal situation but should be expelled in formal situation.

Types of Dysphemism
Supporting the theory from Allan and Burridge, Rawson (1989:5) implies that there are 3 types of dysphemism: 1. Profanity This type often used religious term. Profanity used offensive words to revile religious beliefs usually in terms of their origin and definition. Besides, profanity often used for swearing also. The example are goddamn and fucking hell.

Obscenity
Obscenity refers to sexual activity and bodily function which related to pornography and scatology. In other words, the expressions of obscenity are prohibited in public use, especially in mass media. The example of obscenity are fuck, shit and other words with sexual or scatology sense. 3. Insult

Data Condensation
Data condensation refers to the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and/or transforming the data that appear in the Deadpool movie transcripts.

a) Selecting
In selecting, the words or phrases acquire in the dialogue of the characters are selected. DEADPOOL: Suck a cock! DEADPOOL: Okay. Let's pro-con this superhero thing. Pro: they pull down a gaggle of ass. Dry cleaning-discounts, lucrative film deals both origin stories and larger ensemble team movies. Con: They're all lame-ass teacher's pets. DEADPOOL: God damn it! I'm gonna do this the old fashioned way. With two swords and maximum effort. Cue the music. In this study, the words or phrases in the dialogue of the characters are selected as the data. Those data were marked with the bold text and coding as Data #1, Data #2, #3,.....

b) Focusing
After selecting the words or phrases, the next stage is focusing. The researcher focuses on the characters' dialogue which contain dysphemistic words or phrases based on the type: 1. Profanity 2. Obscenity 3. Insult and the functions of the use of dysphemistic words.
After simplifying the data, the researcher abstracts the data which have been simplified by looking up the utterances whether the rules have been matched to the simplified data.

e) Transforming
The last step is transforming the data into written form to give complete descriptive analysis of the data. In this part, the researcher wants to show and clarify data in appendix.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The researcher analyzed the utterances of the characters in the movie from the beginning to the end to get various data. The result of the research, basically, there were 95 data containing dysphemism in 120-minutes duration. The words and phrases that contained dysphemism in the dialogue were marked with the bold text which completed with the context description and analysis after listing the conversation. The meaning of dysphemism also explainedecbased onecthe contextedwhere theeywords are conveyed andascompared witheythe meaningesin the dictionary. Fromedthose meaning analysis, theerfunction ofesdysphemism canetbe represented. Toiranalyze theretypes oferdysphemism, I used theyetheory ofercomponential analysis. Thesrfocus hereweis theerwords and phrases ofeddysphemism spokenerby the characters initthe Deadpool movie.

Types of Dysphemism
The three types of dysphemism which are previously reported in the research findings section are now explained with their relevant examples. Literal meaning 1) God: 1. Theebeing oreispirit that isedworshipped and isewbelieved to have createdesthe universe. 2. Aesbeing or spirit who isesbelieved to haveespower over aesparticular partesof nature orwewho is believed to represent to a particularedquality. 3. A personedwho is loved or admire veryremuch by otherespeople. 4. Something which too much importance or attention is given.
Literal meaning 2) Damn: (also old-fashioned dam.mit/damn it) a swearesword thatespeople usedesto showwathat they areuannoyed, dissapointed, etcetera. In determining the type of dysphemism of the words Goddamn it, I used the componential meaning analysis. The components determined by looking at its literal meaning from The Oxford Learners Dictionary and picking some words considered semantically related. The componential analysis of the words God damn it can be seen below.

Obscenity
Obscenity refers to sexual activity and bodily function which related to the functions of human body and sex anatomy. In other words, the expressions of obscenity are prohibited in public use, especially in mass media.

The Functions of the Dysphemism
The researcher found that there were 95 dysphemism in Deadpool movie. The following table was the classification of the functions of the dysphemism found in Deadpool movie. The expression fuck it! indicates misfortune and thus the unlucky situation triggers the speaker to swear. In short, the word fuck it uttered by the character above usedeto stategand representda veryebad thingeor condition.

To Emphasize Thing or Condition
Under this motive, speakers consider that their messages in a particular situation need to be intensified in order their points to be more noticeable by their interlocutors. The bold expression is not used to abuse Wade, but Weasel just tries to be funny by cursing fuck you to Wade. It is offensive in general context, but how Weasel mocks does not show any indication that he aims at insulting his close friend.

CONCLUSION
The findings are derived from the data analysis according to the research objectives: (1) to observe and to delineate the types of dysphemism, and (2) to reveal the functions of using dysphemism in Deadpool movie. In order to achieve the first objective then, the researcher synthesizes Rawson's (1989) theory as the basis for observing the types of dysphemism in the motion picture. Moreover, to realize objective number two, the function of dysphemism can be determined through the contextual meaning of the characters' utterances.
Corresponding to objective number one, dysphemism in the Deadpool movie is manifested in various expressions which can be categorized according to their forms. Therefore, special attention is given to the dysphemism expressions and their accompanying utterances in order to understand the speakers' intentions and meanings of the utterances. Moreover, in relation to the second objective, dysphemism is categorized according to their functions which can be observed through the context of situation in which the dysphemism are deployed.
The writer found that all of dysphemism functions in the Deadpool movie have all the types of dysphemism; profanity, obscenity, and insult. So, from the analysis in chapter IV, the most dominant dysphemism that is used in this movie is to humiliate others. The percentage of this function of dysphemism is 83% with 79 data and the dysphemism type mostly found is the obscenity with 31 data (33%). It is because most of the dysphemism uttered by the characters have sexual component.
There were 95 dysphemismedata obtained and observedeby the writerdbased onsthe functionein the Deadpool movie, Theswriter alsorprovided the literal meaningseof thesrdata based on the dictionary andsethen explainedesthe contextsewhere thesrdysphemism usefto elaborateremore aboutrethe functiondeof dysphemism. Thesaclassifications basedseon its functionseincludes the dysphemismasused tosahumiliate something or someone else, to express anger, to emphasize thing or condition, to state andserepresent a verysebad thingseorsecondition, to express astonishment or amazement, to show intimacy and to express excitement. In soaddition, the componentialasmeaning analysissemade toseobserve thesatype of dysphemism. As described in the data analysis, there are a lot of reasons speakers are triggered deploy all three types of dysphemism it could be because they aim at intensifying a point of utterances or showing a high degree of something, the speakers feel angry at something or someone, speakers u tilize dysphemism because they intend to release their anger or tension. Furthermore, speakers are triggered to say dysphemistic word due to vulnerability and to create a joke to make their utterances more interesting, they also want to express the pain an d surprise that drive them to do such practices.
In addition, the speaker use dysphemism because they aim at making a joke, shocking others, and promoting or showing intimacy or friendliness to the addressee of the dysphemism. Moreover, speakers use dysphemistic word, as they want to astonish others and show their way of speaking or identity. Last, speakers are not triggered to use dysphemism by anger which indicates that using dysphemism as a strategy for expressing annoyance, but dysphemism also displays their way of talking in their daily lives. Those findings are accordingly explained descriptively along with relevant examples representing each category and accompanying expressions or their contexts under analysis section. So, byaslooking atsathe analysissaof this study, thesawriter haseproven thatsadysphemism canasbe analyzed in Deadpool movie. Thissestudy couldsareveal thesatypes ofsadysphemism whichasis usedasby all thesacharacters insathe movie. Also the functions of dysphemismsof eachadysphemism term aresapplied wellsin thisastudy.