ANALYSIS OF SEMANTIC PROSODY IN THE COLLOCATION WORDS OF "SOCIAL DISTANCING" AND "PHYSICAL DISTANCING"

Corresponding Author: Audina Oktaviana, E-mail: audinaoktaviana@gmail.com ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Received: 25-07-2020 Accepted: 11-10-2020 Published: 12-10-2020 Volume: 4 Issue: 2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33019/lire.v3 i2.91 This study discusses the collocation of the words 'social distancing' and 'physical distancing.' These phrases are new words that emerge during the current condition of COVID-19, which has a general definition of interference to prevent transmission of COVID-19 to become more widespread. 'Social distancing' and 'physical distancing,' based on the frequency of using these two words, were identified as the significant collocates about word tokens' frequency. This study proves the collocation of negative and positive meanings of the words 'social distancing' and 'physical distancing.' This study uses qualitative methods with data sources using Corpora COVID-19 on the sketch engine, through the corpus approach. In finding the collocation of the two phrases, a lot of COVID-19 journals were searched. The analysis results are the word tokens from the collocation of words that follow the phrase 'social distancing' as many as 2,678 (9.54 per million) words. Meanwhile, the collocation of the phrase 'physical distancing' shows the results of 51 (0.18 per million) words. It shows that usage in COVID-19 data journals in the sketch engine is more in the phrase 'social distancing' than 'physical distancing.' Based on the semantic prosody collocation, words followed ‘social distancing’ tend to be collocated (positive and negative). Then, the results themselves in neutral. Meanwhile, words that follow ‘physical distancing’ have a positive tendency. The results of this study prove that the two phrases have the same lexical order.


INTRODUCTION
The World Health Organization (WHO) officially changes the phrase 'social distancing' to 'physical distancing'. 'Physical distancing' is one of the interventions to prevent the spread of COVID-19. 'Social distancing' and 'physical distancing' are the two phrases that are considered almost the same. However, these phrases have different meanings. The two phrases have differences in terms of values and grammar of the use of different words. Martin W Bauer (in Putsanra, 2020), the choice of language used previously did not cover breaking the chain of epidemics . Supposedly, what is needed is physical distancing, not social. Therefore, it must distinguish between the two terms. 'Social distancing' means social distance, where people must stop communicating with each other. We have to maintain as much as possible the community that can be taken care of while doing 'physical distancing,' which means that we only keep our physical distance from each other. It refers to Jeremy Freese's (in Putsanra, 2020) statement that it is the basis of this research, which focuses on the study of two phrases, 'social distancing' and 'physical distancing.' There is a change in the use of 'social distancing' then it is changed to 'physical distancing'. It is essential to determine the usefulness of collocation to determine whether the two phrases have the same lexical position to be proven by linguistic theory. Therefore, the negative and positive collocations will impact selecting the phrases "social distancing" and "physical distancing". This change has a semantic relation so that the phrase is changed, and this study will observe more profoundly and analyze in terms of the semantic prosody collocation.
The concept of collocation was first identified by Palmer in 1933 (Nation, 2003) who said, "Each [collocation] … must or should be learnt, or is best or most conveniently learnt as an integral whole or independent entity, rather than by the process of piecing together their component parts". The definition of collocation explained by Baker (M. Baker, 2018) tended to some words to have a regular combination in a language. In the general definition, collocation is a phenomenon that surrounds the fact that certain words tend to combine with specific words in specific contexts. Therefore, simply it can be said that collocation is a word that is in between other words. It is commonly used in the linguistic corpus approach to study the phenomena of words. Collocation is a combination of words whose meaning can be traced word-by-word but does not form new words. This matter is related to the corpus approach that the authors take. Corpus linguistics is the study of oral and written, then analysed by using a computer (corpus software), and described based on a particular perspective and purpose (Svartvik, 1992). McEnery & Hardie (McEnery & Hardie, 2011) added that corpus linguistics study language acquiring explanation or description.
Terms that we rarely hear began to appear when COVID-19 occurred. Examples of words or phrases that are identical to COVID-19 are 'social distancing' and 'physical distancing.' These two words are non-pharmaceutical interventions when the COVID-19 outbreak occurs, namely by physical restrictions or distance. In their use, the two lexemes have differences in terms of different values. In this study, the researcher will explore the lexical elements included in the meaning of the two words and contained in the corpus sketch engine. The collection of web corpus is challenging work and is needed to analyse various issues. Through corpus-based research, using language in COVID-19 journals is proof that this method is effectively applied to identify these two high-frequency terms. Their collocation tends to negative or positive meanings. Based on this analysis, it can be used as an observation of the collocation and meaning of the two phrases in COVID-19 journals from the semantic prosody. Semantic prosody acts as a concept related to connotation. Words or phrases can have negative or positive semantic prosodies if words or phrases are accompanied by lexical units with negative and positive meanings (McEnery & Hardie, 2011). With this collocation, lexis can lead to a semantic prosody rating of the same value, positive and negative (or called neutral). Lexis is considered positive if the lexis collocated with a collection of words is believed to have a positive meaning called ameliorization, which develops positive meaning. Negative lexes are often in the context of collocations with negative values (pejoration). In that case, the lexis may be considered as neutral-value lexis.
There are several previous studies related to the semantic prosody analysis with corpus linguistic studies conducted by previous researchers, which are almost the same, namely the research undertaken by Artha (Artha, 2018) namely "Revolusi Pemerintahan, Sudahkah Berevolusi? Kolokasi Adjektiva Kata "Indonesia" dalam Coca Dan Cola pada Periode Pemerintahan Orde Lama, Orde Baru dan Era Reformasi." The collocation of adjectives that follow the word "Indonesia" depends on each government period. This change is based mainly on the context of the situation or historical record that occurs. Whereas in the research carried out by Ripin (Ripin et al., 2017) entitled "Nilai leksis sahabat dan kawan: Analisis Prosodi semantik berbantu data korpus". This study's results are equivalent if the lexis collaborate with related words and use corpus data. The 'sahabat' lexis has a higher value than the 'kawan' lexis. This matter is adjusted to its use in the melayu language speaker community.
In this study, the researcher will discuss the following issues based on the two phrases 'social distancing' and 'physical distancing', tendencies indicate positive or negative meaningful collocation. Based on the significance of each collocation, the semantic profile for the terms 'social distancing' and 'physical distancing'. The objectives of this study are to identify the frequency of using the phrases 'social distancing' and 'physical distancing', identify significant colloquies based on the frequency score and determine the pattern of the significance of the two phrases towards collocation of negative or positive sense from the semantic profile of the two phrases. On the other hand, the weakness of applying the corpus approach has a limited nature. From the data results, it cannot directly explain the factors that cause negative and positive collocations. However, it can be seen from the data that the words followed the two phrases come from the context of the sentence, which has negative and positive collocations.

LITERATURE REVIEW 1 Collocation
The concept of collocation was first identified by Palmer in 1933 (Nation, 2003) who said, "Each [collocation] … must or should be learnt, or is best or most conveniently learnt as an integral whole or independent entity, rather than by the process of piecing together their component parts". The definition of collocation explained by Baker (M. Baker, 2018) tended to some words to have a regular combination in a language. However, the words are still determined to collaborate with other words or have no logical connection. Shei and Pain (in Dastmard et al., 2016) assert that collocation is a group of words that often appear together. The similarities and differences between languages regarding collocations are one aspect that has not been thoroughly studied. Collocation is different from idioms. Idioms are expressions that the words translated literally cannot make sense or expressions whose meanings cannot be traced through word-by-word and form new words. Based on Cheng (Cheng, 2011), collocation is a good choice to look for meanings and combinations of words to produce contexts that have a high or specific meaning. Firth in (Samiha & Imane, 2019) added the definition related "an abstraction at the syntagmatic level," and McEnery and Hardie (McEnery & Hardie, 2011) also mentioned is "actual words in habitual company" (P. Baker, 2010). In the general definition, collocation is a phenomenon that surrounds the fact that certain words tend to combine with specific words in specific contexts. Therefore, simply it can be said that collocation is a word that is in between other words.

2 Semantic Prosody
Semantic prosody acts as a concept related to connotation. Words or phrases can have negative or positive semantic prosodies if words or phrases are accompanied by lexical units with negative and positive meanings (McEnery & Hardie, 2011). Meanwhile, Cheng (Cheng, 2011) explained that merging, hand in hand, and pairing are markers of a word having collocation. With this collocation, lexis can lead to a semantic prosody rating of the same value, positive and negative (or called neutral). Lexis is considered positive if the lexis collocated with a collection of words is believed to have a positive meaning called ameliorization, which develops positive meaning. The situation refers to the development of negative meaning. Suppose the lexis does not show the potential to be in a particular collocation or in one absolute state (positive or negative).

3 Corpus Linguistics
Corpus linguistics acts as an area that focuses on a series of procedures or methods for studying the language (McEnery & Hardie, 2011). Corpus linguistics is the study of oral and written, then analysed by using a computer (corpus software), and described based on a particular perspective and purpose (Svartvik, 1992). McEnery & Hardie (McEnery & Hardie, 2011) added that corpus linguistics study language acquiring explanation or description. Based on this statement, corpus linguistics as a language study based on examples obtained from language use, and corpus linguistics is seen as a methodology of language aspects that require clarification or description.

METHODOLOGY
This study used a qualitative method that took the collocation aspect of the two phrases using the keywords "social distancing" and "physical distancing". The data of this study used corpora COVID-19 in Sketchengine. By comparing the collocations of the two phrases based on the word skate, it can help to determine the results of which phrases that have collocations tend to be negative or positive and which word tokens are used more of the two phrases in the COVID-19 corpora data. By applying the techniques of this research method, using the corpus in the sketch engine has the advantage of being able to easily manage large data. Then, we can determine the tendency for these two phrases to appear frequently using keywords. It can also display the context 'social distancing' and 'physical distancing' based on the semantic prosody. Words or phrases can be said to have negative and positive semantic prosidy, if the words or phrases are accompanied by lexical units that have negative or positive meanings (McEnery & Hardie, 2011). Semantic prosody aims to assess the tendency of a word or phrase with positive or negative values to use concordance analysis. The following are based on the frequency of their appearance in the corpus sketch engine. 4.1 Collocation of words that follow the phrase 'social distancing' Figure 4.1 Collocation of the phrase 'Social distancing' Based on the figure, words that follow the phrase 'social distancing' can be identified, namely measures, closures, quarantine, rigorous, interventions, school, closure, behaviors, comformances, and hygiene. The collocation of the phrase 'social distancing' shows a result of 2,678 (9.54 per million). This can be analysed for the collocation of the context that accompanies the phrase 'social distancing' as follows.
From the results of the data, collocation of words that follow the phrase 'social distancing' that often appears is measure. Measure collocation which follows the phrase social distancing based on meaning relation is called semantic prosody. Semantic prosody is the relation between the node and its collocation which has a meaning relationship in the field of meaning. Based on the semantic prosody, it can be seen that the collocation of the word 'measure' which follows 'social distancing' has a positive tendency. The table above shows the evidence of the word 'measure' which follows the phrase 'social distancing' has a positive tendency seen from the context of sentences in COVID-19 data corpus sketch engine journals. Most of the contexts in journals show that the collocation of the word 'measure' which follows the phrase 'social distancing' means 'social distance steps'. This refers to an action to keep a distance from people around as an effort to prevent an outbreak of COVID-19. Meanwhile, this can be compared with the meaning of the word 'measure' in the Macmillan dictionary (2020) which means that an action that is intended to achieve or deal with something. An action that is intended to achieve or handle something by taking steps to do something or take action. COVID-19 data in the sketch engine of the word 'measure' collocation that follows the phrase social distancing can be concluded to have a positive tendency collocation.
Collocation of the word 'closures' which follows the phrase 'social distancing' is based on semantic prosody. Semantic prosody is the relation between nodes and their collections that have a meaningful relationship in the field of meaning. Based on the semantic process, it can be seen that the collocation of the word closures that follows social distancing has a negative tendency. The table above shows evidence of the word 'closures' following the social distancing phrase has a negative tendency can be seen from the context of sentences in COVID-19 data corpus sketch engine journals. Most of the contexts in journals show that the collocation of the word 'closures' which follows the phrase 'social distancing' has a definition of closure, which is an act of stopping the operation of a place that is carried out by force. Meanwhile, it can be compared from the meaning of the word 'closures' in the Macmillan dictionary (2020) which is the process of making a business or institution stop operating permanently. The COVID-19 data in the sketch engine in the collocation of the word 'closures' following the phrase 'social distancing' can be concluded to have a negative tendency collocation.
Collocation of the word 'quarantine' which follows the phrase 'social distancing' is based on semantic prosody. The relation between the node and its collocation has a meaning relationship in the field of meaning. Based on the semantic process, it can be seen that the collocation of the word 'quarantine' which follows 'social distancing' has a negative tendency. However, this turned into a positive tendency due to the context of the supporting words in these journals. The table above proves that the word 'quarantine' which follows the phrase 'social distancing' has a negative tendency can be seen from the context of the sentences in COVID-19 corpus sketch engine data journals. Most of the contexts in journals show that the collocation of the word 'quarantine' which follows the phrase 'social distancing' has a meaning that is an action to limit the movement of healthy and positive people as a precaution to prevent the COVID-19 virus from spreading. Meanwhile, it can be understood from the meaning of the word 'quarantine' in the Macmillan dictionary (2020) that a situation in which a person or animal that might have a disease is kept separate from other people or animals so that they do not catch the disease. It leads to a situation where a person or animal that might have a disease is kept separate from other people or animals so that they do not transmit the disease. The COVID-19 data in the sketch engine collocation of the word 'quarantine' which follows the phrase 'social distancing' can be concluded to have a negative tendency collocation in the dictionary meaning. However, it turned into a positive tendency because it is seen from the context of the word in the data sketch engine journal that the word 'quarantine' has the meaning of an action that limits movement in order to minimize the transmission of COVID-19 for all people both healthy and people who are positive COVID-19.
Collocation of the word 'rigorous' which follows the phrase 'social distancing' is based on semantic prosody. The relation between nodes and their collections has a meaning relationship Based on the figure, we can find words that follow the phrase 'social distancing', namely location specific, interventions, measure, Wuhan, school, figure, estimate, social, effect, effective. The collocation of the social distancing phrase shows a result of 51 (0.18 per million). This can be analyzed for the collocation of the context that accompanies the phrase 'physical distancing' as follows.
Collocation of the word 'location-specific' which follows the phrase 'physical distancing' is based on semantic prosody. The relation between nodes and their collections has a meaning relationship in the field of meaning. Based on the semantic prosody, it can be seen that the collocation of the word 'location-specific' which follows the phrase 'physical distancing' has a positive tendency. Table 4.2.1 Collocation location-specific following the phrase Physical distancing The table above shows that the evidence about the phrase 'location-specific' which follows the phrase 'physical distancing' has a positive tendency seen from the context of sentences in COVID-19 data corpus sketch engine journals. Most of the contexts in journals show the location-specific word collocation that follows the phrase 'physical distancing' has a meaning that is keeping a distance at a specific location to reduce the spread of outbreaks. While it can be compared with the meaning of the word 'location-specific' in the Macmillan dictionary (2020) happening only at some particular places depending on certain features. It leads to an event occurs only in certain places depending on certain features. Data of COVID-19 in the sketch engine with the collocation of the word 'location-specific' which follows the phrase 'physical distancing' can be concluded to have a positive tendency collocation.
The collocation of the word 'interventions' which follows the phrase 'physical distancing' is based on semantic prosody. The relation between nodes and their collections has a meaning relationship in the field of meaning. Based on the semantic process, it can be seen that the collocation of the word 'interventions' which follows the phrase 'physical distancing' has a positive tendency. The table above shows that the evidence about the word 'interventions' that follows the phrase 'physical distancing' has a positive tendency seen in the context of sentences in COVID-19 data corpus sketch engine journals. Most of the contexts in journals show the collocation of the word 'interventions' which follows the phrase 'physical distancing' has a meaning that is an attempt to physical distance with others to minimize the spread of covid disease 19. Meanwhile, it can compare with the meaning of the word 'interventions' in the Macmillan dictionary (2020) a situation in which someone becomes involved in a particular issue, problem etc in order to influence what happen. It refers to a situation where someone is involved in a particular problem, or the problem influences what happens. Although the collocation of the meaning of words in the dictionary tends to be negative. The COVID-19 data in this sketch engine shows that the collocation of the word 'interventions' that follows the phrase 'physical distancing' can be concluded to have a positive tendency because it is seen in terms of the context of covid-19 journals.
The collocation of the word 'Wuhan' which follows the phrase 'physical distancing' is based on semantic prosody. The relation between nodes and their collections has a meaning relationship in the field of meaning. Based on the semantic process, it can be seen that the collocation of the word 'Wuhan' which follows 'physical distancing' has a negative tendency. The table above proves that the word 'Wuhan' which follows the phrase 'physical distancing' has a positive tendency. It can be seen from the context of sentences in COVID-19 data corpus sketch engine journals. Most of the contexts in the journal show that the collocation of the word 'Wuhan' which follows the phrase 'physical distancing' has a meaning that 'the city first appeared outbreaks of COVID-19'. This is intended in the context of the journals on the sketch engine, which is, relying on the place of case studies in Wuhan to maintain physical distance. Indirectly, this creates a negative stigma to the meaning of Wuhan City because it refers to the place where the first COVID-19 case occurred. Meanwhile, it can be compared with the meaning of the word Wuhan in the online news which is "Initially, the authorities in China said the first case of the corona virus was known on December 31, 2019. At that time, the infection whose symptoms were similar to pneumonia was believed to originate from markets and sea fish and animals in Wuhan, Hubei Province" via BBC News. This means that Wuhan was the first region where the COVID-19 outbreak was discovered and the area where the spread of the virus occurred in the animal market. The COVID-19 data in the sketch engine in the collocation of the word 'Wuhan' which follows the phrase 'physical distancing' can be concluded to have a negative tendency because it is seen in terms of the context of covid-19 journals.
Collocation of the word 'school' that follows the phrase 'physical distancing' is based on semantic prosody. The relation between nodes and their collections has a meaning relationship in the field of meaning. Based on the semantic process, it can be seen that the collocation of the word 'school' which follows 'physical distancing' has a positive tendency. The above table proves that the word 'school' which follows the phrase 'physical distancing' has a positive tendency seen from the context of sentences in COVID-19 data corpus sketch engine journals. Most of the contexts in journals show that the collocation of the word 'school' which follows the phrase 'physical distancing' has a meaning that is 'physical distance intervention by stopping learning activities at school'. This is intended in the context of the journals on the sketch engine, which is an effort to maintain physical distance in the school environment because children themselves are very vulnerable to the COVID-19 virus. Meanwhile, it can be compared with the meaning of the word school in the Macmillan dictionary (2020) a place where children go to be taught. It points that a place where children studied and taught by the teachers. The COVID-19 data in the sketch engine collocation of the word 'school' which follows the phrase 'physical distancing' can be concluded to have a positive tendency because it is seen in terms of the context of covid-19 journals.

CONCLUSION
There are two findings in accordance with the significance of the study. First, from word tokens, there are more collocations related to 'social distancing' frequency than 'physical distancing'. The phrase 'social distancing' shows the collocation of words that follow as many as 2,678 (9.54 per million). On the other hand, the collocation of the phrase 'physical distancing' shows a result of 51 (0.18 per million). This confirms that the use of the phrase 'social distancing' in the journal data COVID-19 on the sketch engine is greater than the phrase 'physical distancing'.
The two research results taken from the top four word tokens show that words that follow social distancing: the word 'measures' have a positive tendency, 'quarantine' has a positive tendency, 'closures' have a negative tendency, and 'rigorous' has a negative tendency. It can be concluded that words that follow the phrase 'social distancing' have a collocation of positive and negative tendencies, so this is neutral. Meanwhile, the words that follows 'physical distancing' are the phrase 'location-specific' has a positive tendency, the word 'interventions' has a positive tendency, the word 'Wuhan' has a negative tendency, and the word 'school' has a positive tendency. It can be concluded that the words that follow 'physical distancing' have a positive tendency collocation. The results of this study prove that the two phrases have the same lexical order.